Businesses that are involved in Global Trade are faced with dozens of additional costs, fees and charges involved with importing products through to the final location.  It’s imperative that buyers understand the actual final costs of imported products in advance, to make smart decisions for their business.

What is a landed cost?

A ‘landed cost’ is the term used when referring to the final cost of products plus all associated shipping and logistics costs required to get the goods delivered through to a final location.  Throughout the global trade process there can be dozens of additional charges, fees and currency conversions that buyers must be aware of in advance so that the landed cost of the products can be calculated.

Some of the import costs include the cost of the products, currency conversion costs, international freight & logistics charges, import charges, port charges, customs clearance fees, import duties & taxes and local delivery, to name a few.

Why is a landed cost calculation important?

Businesses must have a good understanding of what the landed cost of imported products will be in advance so that they can make smart decisions for their business.  If a business is planning to import products and on-sell them in their market, then they must have a good idea of what the actual final landed cost is for each item.

Understanding the landed cost of imported products allows business to plan how much capital will have to be invested to purchase products and get them delivered through to location.  On top of that, it also helps businesses to plan their sell prices and profit figures that will eventuate when the products are sold.

If businesses do not take the time to understand their landed cost, they could be faced with unexpected fees and charges which could make importing the products unviable.  Calculating the landed cost requires an understanding of some key costs and correctly applying them to each product to get the final landed cost per item

How to calculate the landed cost of imported products.

Firstly, it’s important to understand all of the different costs, fees and charges involved throughout the purchasing and importing process.  Below is a list of information that you will need to know to accurately calculate the landed cost of imported products.

Step 1: Receive a detailed quotation from the exporter.  The quotation will include the following details:

Shipper & Consignee’s details

Incoterm® & Place

Port of Loading (POL) & Port of Discharge (POD)

Currency (most commonly USD)

Product details and pricing

Product HS/HTS Codes

Product and packaging sizes

Shipment type (by Full Container – FCL, or Less-than-Container-Load LCL Cargo).

Step 2: Understand the International freight and additional import costs.

You can contact a freight forwarder to get a confirmed quotation to get products shipped through to your location.  Most global trade shipments are sold on the FOB Incoterm® (Free-On-Board) which means that the consignee (buyer) will pay for all additional costs and charges after the goods have been loaded on board the vessel for export. 

A freight forwarder’s quote will usually be itemized to show all of the fees involved. This includes:

International Seafreight from Port of Loading to Port of Discharge (usually in USD) – Note seafreight and airfreight rates vary throughout the year so you will have to confirm the validity date.

Local charges in the country of import (get these costs in your local currency) – These include local port handling costs, documentation, customs clearance, quarantine, marine transit insurance, domestic trucking etc.

Local Import Duty Rates – If you supply the HS Code for the goods to import, the freight forwarder or customs broker can confirm what rate of duties will be applied to the imported goods. Also, confirm how the import duty is charged on your product. This process varies from country to country so get confirmation for your situation.

Import Taxes – Understand the local tax rate (VAT/GST) and how it is applied to imported goods.

Step 3: Understand the actual foreign currency exchange rates and costs.

There are plenty of options to make foreign exchange payments to International suppliers.  You must clearly understand the actual exchange rate that your Currency Exchange provider can offer you.  Note that the exchange rate that you secure will be less than the current interbank rate.

 

An Example of how to Calculate the Landed Cost of Imported Products

Let’s look at a basic example of a shipment of a 20’ container of goods from China.  A supplier has quoted:

100pcs of furniture items – $100 USD per piece

Incoterm® – FOB, Shanghai Port

Total FOB Cost – $10,000 USD

Shipment Type – 20′ GP Container

HS Code – 1234.56

Step 1: Convert all foreign currencies into your local currency (taking into account your actual exchange rates that will be secured when making International T/T payments).  You will most likely have to convert the supplier’s USD costs and the International Seafreight charges into your local currency.  When you have converted all foreign currencies into your local currency, add all of the costs together.

Product FOB $10,000USD = $13,000 in your local currency

Seafreight $2000USD = $2600 in your local currency

TOTAL Product + Seafreight = $15,600 local currency

Step 2: Add all local import costs and charges from the freight forwarder, in this example $1500:

ADD $1500 (in your local currency)

Step 3 – Calculate Import Duty Charges

NOTE: Import duty and import tax rates vary from country to country.  There are 2 main valuation methods that countries use to charge import duties and taxes, on either the FOB or CIF value of the goods.

FOB: The Import duty is charged on the “Free On Board” value of the products. i.e. duty is charged on the FOB value of goods (on the currency of the importing country).

CIF: The Import duty is charged on the “Cost, Insurance and Freight” value of the products. So duty will be charged on the cost of the products + cost of insurance (if any) + cost of International transport through to the port of discharge (on the currency of the importing country).

In this example, the freight forwarder has confirmed that a 5% import duty rate will apply to the FOB value of imported goods (local currency).  So 5% import duty will be charged on $13,000 ($650):

ADD $650 in import duty charges

Step 4:  Add import taxes.  In this example 10% import tax is charged on the final value of imported goods (final value $17,750):

ADD $1775 import taxes

So the final landed cost of goods imported into country:

+ FOB $13,000

+ Seafreight $2600

+ All local import costs $1500

+ 5% import duty $650

Total Landed Cost = $17,750 + 10% Tax of $1775

Split up the additional charges to calculate the landed cost per product.

If you are looking to import multiple items inside 1 shipment, you will have to calculate the landed cost per product.  You can split up all of the additional costs by cubic volume (m3), or by weight, usually whatever is greater.

To do this you will need to accurately understand the packaging sizes and weight of each product and split up the costs per product.  The easiest way to do this is to calculate the cubic measurement (m3) per product or weight (kg) per product.  The total of the International freight costs + local import costs ($15,600 in the above example) can then be split up by the cubic measurement or weight (whatever is greater).

How to apply markup and margin to calculate sell pricing.

When the landed cost of the products has been calculated, businesses can work out their sell pricing, i.e. how much these products can be sold for in the market.  This will give businesses a good understanding of the profit that can be made and gives an insight into the return on investment (ROI) if they were to import and on-sell the products.

To work out sell pricing, importers can apply a markup or margin percentage to the cost price.  It’s important to note that markup and margin are 2 completely different methods of calculations which must not get confused. 

How to use a Landed Cost calculator to work out landed costs and sell pricing.

Calculating the landed cost per item can be a long, time consuming process.  On top of that, if you make any mistakes in the calculations then your projections could be well under or over the actual charges.

To support importers and exporters during the landed cost process, our team created a simple to use Landed Cost Excel Calculator. This landed cost calculator allows buyers and sellers to:

+ Calculate landed costs broken down per product

+ Calculate landed costs by Cubic Volume (m3), or weight

+ Add markup or margin to each product to calculate sell pricing and profit figures

How to place orders with International suppliers

Once businesses understand the landed cost of the products to be be imported, they can decide to place a new order.  Importers can place new orders with International suppliers by sending an official Purchase Order document.

According to www.incodocs.com